Motor Control

Functional Overview

Neuroanatomy

Pathology and Disease

Area	Pathology/Disease	Symptom
SI	Peripheral neuropathy	Numbness or tingling in the affected area
SI	Stroke	Loss of sensation or weakness on one side of the body
SII	Fibromyalgia	Widespread pain and tenderness, fatigue, and sleep disturbances
SII	Chronic pain syndrome	Chronic pain that is not relieved by medication or other treatments
SIII	Anxiety disorders	Exaggerated startle response, restlessness, and muscle tension
SIII	Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	Flashbacks, nightmares, and avoidance behaviors
PFC	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)	Inability to concentrate or stay focused, impulsivity, and hyperactivity
PFC	Schizophrenia	Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and abnormal behavior
PFC	Alzheimer's disease	Memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with daily tasks
PMC	Parkinson's disease	Tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement and coordination
PMC	Huntington's disease	Involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and emotional disturbances
PMC	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)	Muscle weakness, spasticity, and difficulty with speech and swallowing
Parietal cortex	Apraxia	Difficulty with planned movements, even though there is no muscle weakness
Parietal cortex	Spatial neglect	Inability to perceive or attend to stimuli on one side of the body
Parietal cortex	Gerstmann syndrome	Difficulty with writing, math, and distinguishing left from right
M1	Stroke	Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
M1	Cerebral palsy	Spasticity, involuntary movements, and difficulty with coordination
M1	Multiple sclerosis (MS)	Muscle weakness, spasticity, and difficulty with coordination
Cerebellum	Ataxia	Difficulty with coordination and balance
Cerebellum	Dysmetria	Difficulty with judging distance and force when making movements
Cerebellum	Dysdiadochokinesia	Difficulty with rapid alternating movements, such as tapping fingers or toes

Artificial Implementation Coverage

Area	Function	Implemented artificially?
SI	Receives and processes somatosensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints	Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) for prosthetics, robotic hands and exoskeletons
SII	Integrates and processes information from multiple sensory modalities, including touch, pain, and temperature	Virtual reality systems, tactile displays
SIII	Integrates and processes emotional and affective sensory information, such as pain, temperature, and social cues	None
PFC	Regulates executive functions, including attention, working memory, decision-making, and self-control	Deep learning models, cognitive architectures
PMC	Initiates, plans, and executes voluntary movements, and integrates sensory and motor information	Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), prosthetics, robotic arms
Parietal cortex	Integrates sensory information from multiple modalities, and processes spatial and numerical information	Neural network models for spatial navigation, cognitive maps
M1	Controls voluntary movements, and integrates sensory and motor information	BCIs for controlling prosthetics and robotic arms, deep brain stimulation for treating movement disorders
Cerebellum	Coordinates and regulates movements, and contributes to motor learning and adaptation	Neural network models for motor control and learning, robot controllers